But the reverse seems not to have been true. The 150-year tug-of-war accentuated the Sunni and Shi'a rift in Iraq. Ayatollah Khomeini's challenge to the Shah's Royal authority confirmed a deep religious tradition in Iranian society and history. In 1585 two events occurred that would combine to break the impasse among the Qizilbash. This variety of Persian Turkish must have been also spoken in the Caucasian and Transcaucasian regions, which during the 16th century belonged to both the Ottomans and the Safavids, and were not fully integrated into the Safavid empire until 1606. [78][79] After Humayun converted to Shii Islam (under extreme duress),[78] Tahmsp offered him military assistance to regain his territories in return for Kandahar, which controlled the overland trade route between central Iran and the Ganges. Safavid and Mughal Empires The decline of the Mongol Empire laid ground for the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires. Travelling was valued only for the specific purpose of getting from one place to another, not interesting themselves in seeing new places and experiencing different cultures. The Safavid and Ottoman empires are usually compared because of the wars that broke . It is estimated that during Abbas' reign alone some 130,000200,000 Georgians,[176][124][123][125] tens of thousands of Circassians, and around 300,000 Armenians[177][178] had been deported and imported from the Caucasus to mainland Iran, all obtaining functions and roles as part of the newly created layer in society, such as within the highest positions of the state, or as farmers, soldiers, craftspeople, as part of the Royal harem, the Court, and peasantry, amongst others. The Qizilbash tribes were essential to the military of Iran until the rule of Shah Abbas I- their leaders were able to exercise enormous influence and participate in court intrigues (assassinating Shah Ismail II for example). Poetry stagnated under the Safavids; the great medieval ghazal form languished in over-the-top lyricism. They also reduced the importance of the Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca), replacing it with pilgrimage to Shi'ite shrines. The Safavid Empire (1501-1722) . In earlier times, the Shah had been closely involved in judicial proceedings, but this part of the royal duty was neglected by Shah Safi and the later kings. Shh Tahmsp, the young titular governor of Khorasan,[66] succeeded his father Ismil in 1524, when he was ten years and three months old. According to historian Roger Savory, "Sheikh Junayd was not content with spiritual authority and he sought material power. [15], An Iranian dynasty rooted in the Sufi Safavid order[32] founded by Kurdish sheikhs,[33] it heavily intermarried with Turkoman,[34] Georgian,[35] Circassian,[36][37] and Pontic Greek[38] dignitaries and was Turkish-speaking and Turkified. They correctly identified the three key points to control all seaborne trade between Asia and Europe: The Gulf of Aden, The Persian Gulf and the Straits of Malacca by cutting off and controlling these strategic locations with high taxation. In private they usually wore a veil that only covered the hair and the back, but upon leaving the home, they put on manteaus, large cloaks that concealed their whole bodies except their faces. [153][154] In the OttomanIranian War (173035), he retook all territories lost by the Ottoman invasion of the 1720s, as well as beyond. In 1599, Abbas sent his first diplomatic mission to Europe. Roemer, H.R. It lasted from March to October 1722 and resulted in the city's fall and the beginning of the end of the Safavid dynasty. Blow, D; Shah Abbas: The ruthless king who became an Iranian legend; pp. [98] Mirza Salman left the capital before Pari Khn Khnum closed the gates and was able to meet Mohammad Khodabanda and his wife in Shiraz, to whom he offered his services. It was just a brief setback, however, as Abbas had already been making long-term plans to prevent further incursions. Please consider upgrading your browser software or enabling style sheets (CSS) if you are able to do so. The Safavid Empire, which was founded as a political dynasty in 1501, was the second Great Islamic Empire to form.It originated as a religious sect, and it acquired the military and political traits of an empire only after 1501. In the gravest crisis of Tahmsp's reign, Ottoman forces in 155354 captured Yerevan, Karabakh and Nakhjuwan, destroyed palaces, villas and gardens, and threatened Ardabil. However by this period the Empire was disintegrating, and for the next two centuries it lay in decay. According to Willem Floor and Hasan Javadi,[250]. Their reign is widely regarded as the start of modern Iranian history, as well as one of . [68], At the downfall of Husain Khan, Tahmsp asserted his rule. Central Press / Getty Images. Contacts with the Pope, Poland and Moscow were no more fruitful. Archery took first place. Compare The Safavid Empire To The Ottoman Empire. The Safavids benefited from their geographical position at the centre of the trade routes of the ancient world. "Iran and Pre-Independence Lebanon" in Houchang Esfandiar Chehabi. Learn about the Islamic empire. Tags: Question 39 . In the late 17th century, Safavid Iran had higher living standards than in Europe. First, in the west, the Ottomans, seeing the disarray of the warriors, pressed deep into Safavid territory and occupied the old capital of Tabriz. In this period, handicrafts such as tile making, pottery and textiles developed and great advances were made in miniature painting, bookbinding, decoration and calligraphy. As a result, Iran was cut off from overseas links to East Africa, the Arabian peninsula, and South Asia. The Safavids launched a vigorous campaign to convert what was then a predominantly Sunni population by persuasion and by force. This action coincided with the accession to the Ottoman throne in 1512 of Sultan Selim I, Bayezid II's son, and it was the casus belli leading to Selim's decision to invade neighbouring Safavid Iran two years later.[64]. Read more. They would thus retain the official ownership and secure their land from being confiscated by royal commissioners or local governors, as long as a percentage of the revenues from the land went to the ulama. According to traveller Jean Chardin, for example, farmers in Iran had higher living standards than farmers in the most fertile European countries. Suleiman was eager to negotiate his son's return, but Tahmasp rejected his promises and threats until, in 1561, Suleiman compromised with him. The demise of Tamerlane's political authority created a space in which several religious communities, particularly Shii ones, could come to the fore and gain prominence. 34, 597634. [197] In time, this proved to become a burden to the people that were under the direct rule of the Shah, as these commissioners, unlike the former governors, had little knowledge about the local communities that they controlled and were primarily interested in increasing the income of the Shah. "afavid Dynasty". It was certainly not homogenousmaybe it was an Azerbaijanian-Ottoman mixed language, as Beltadze (1967:161) states for a translation of the gospels in Georgian script from the 18th century. Increased contact with distant cultures in the 17th century, especially Europe, provided a boost of inspiration to Iranian artists who adopted modeling, foreshortening, spatial recession, and the medium of oil painting (Shah Abbas II sent Muhammad Zaman to study in Rome). No act of the Shah was valid without the counter seal of the Prime Minister. Yet over the course of ten years Abbas was able, using cautiously-timed but nonetheless decisive steps, to affect a profound transformation of Safavid administration and military, throw back the foreign invaders, and preside over a flourishing of Persian art. Abbas was also able to draw on military advice from a number of European envoys, particularly from the English adventurers Sir Anthony Shirley and his brother Robert Shirley, who arrived in 1598 as envoys from the Earl of Essex on an unofficial mission to induce Iran into an anti-Ottoman alliance. The Qizilbash were warriors, spiritual followers of Haydar, and a source of the Safavid military and political power. [194] Under Abbas, the eunuchs became an increasingly important element at the court. [243], The Safavids by the time of their rise were Azerbaijani-speaking although they also used Persian as a second language. masterpiece of the Safavid scholar Mulla Sadra (d. 1641) al-Asfar al-Arba'an, and, apart from several new texts on grammar and syntax, three major texts in the Dars-i Nizamiyya.5 In all regions during the Traditions (HadTths) 3 1 Exegesis (TafsTr) 2 2 Astronomy 8c maths (Riyaziyyat) Several 5 Medicine (Tibb) 1 Mysticism (Tasawwuf) 5 1 Shah Ismail I was the first of the Safavids to try to establish once again an alliance against the common Ottoman enemy through the earlier stages of the HabsburgPersian alliance, but this also proved to be largely unfruitful during his reign. [57], Although Ismil I initially gained mastery over Azerbaijan alone, the Safavids ultimately won the struggle for power over all of Iran, which had been going on for nearly a century between various dynasties and political forces. According to the Iranologist Richard Nelson Frye:[240]. It covered all of Iran, and parts of Turkey and Georgia, All other religions, and forms of Islam were suppressed, The Empire's economic strength came from its location on the trade routes, The capital, Isfahan, is one of the most beautiful cities in the world, The Empire declined when it became complacent and corrupt. During this period, painting, metalwork, textiles and carpets reached new heights of perfection. The status of physicians during the Safavids stood as high as ever. They would adorn their clothes, wearing stones and decorate the harness of their horses. The religious leaders effectively became a tool of the government. Tahmasp I's successor, Ismail II, brought another 30,000 Circassians and Georgians to Iran of which many joined the ghulam force. RELIGIONS IN IRAN (2) Islam in Iran (2.3) Shiism in Iran Since the Safavids: Safavid Period", Persian Constitutional Revolution (19051911), 1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election, March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum, December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum, 2009 Iranian presidential election protests, International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014), Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015), 20182019 Iranian general strikes and protests, Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament), Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO), Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Safavid_dynasty&oldid=1150017490, Early Modern history of Georgia (country), Wikipedia extended-confirmed-protected pages, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Persian-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, Amoretti, Biancamaria Scarcia; Matthee, Rudi. The relationship between the Turkic-speaking 'Turks' and Persian-speaking 'Tajiks' was symbiotic, yet some form of rivalry did exist between the two. Open Document. [13] From their base in Ardabil, the Safavids established control over parts of Greater Iran and reasserted the Iranian identity of the region,[14] thus becoming the first native dynasty since the Sasanian Empire to establish a national state officially known as Iran.[15]. The highest level in the government was that of the Prime Minister, or Grand Vizier (Etemad-e Dowlat), who was always chosen from among doctors of law. 378. Military & Wartime Collectibles (3642) Musical Instruments & Equipment (506) . The Safavid dynasty was one of Iran's most powerful ruling families, ruling from 1501 to 1736. In 1613, Abbas had appointed these trusted Georgian gholams of his on the puppet thrones of Kartli and Kakheti, the Iranian Safavid ruled areas of Georgia. [129], In 160910, a war broke out between Kurdish tribes and the Safavid Empire. The treaty was the first formal diplomatic recognition of the Safavid Empire by the Ottomans. When he died on 19 January 1629, he had no son capable of succeeding him.[142]. The Ottoman Turks and Safavids fought over the fertile plains of Iraq for more than 150 years. [149] The end of the reign of Abbas II, 1666, thus marked the beginning of the end of the Safavid dynasty. After a long and bloody siege led by the Safavid grand vizier Hatem Beg, which lasted from November 1609 to the summer of 1610, the Kurdish stronghold of Dimdim was captured. "The Safavid Period" in Jackson, Peter; Lockhart, Laurence. [46] The most important local rulers about 1500 were: Ismil was able to unite all these lands under the Iranian Empire he created. Consequently, the vast majority of captives available in seventeenth-century Istanbul were "Rus'," most hailing from what is today Ukraine. Suleiman's favourite wife, Hrrem Sultan, was eager for her son, Selim, to become the next sultan. The judge (qazi) was informed of relevant points involved and would decide whether or not to take up the case. Even though the Safavids were not the first Shii rulers in Iran, they played a crucial role in making Shia Islam the official religion in the whole of Iran, as well as what is nowadays the Republic of Azerbaijan. [109] Abbas' own position seemed even more dependent on Qizilbash approval than Mohammad Khodabanda's was. Women with slender waists were regarded as more attractive than those with larger figures. [175] Thus, starting from the reign of Tahmsp I but only fully implemented and completed by Shah Abbas, this new group solely composed of ethnic Caucasians eventually came to constitute a powerful "third force" within the state as a new layer in society, alongside the Persians and the Qizilbash Turks, and it only goes to prove the meritocratic society of the Safavids. But in spite of a weak economy, a civil war and foreign wars on two fronts, Tahmsp managed to retain his crown and maintain the territorial integrity of the empire (although much reduced from Ismail's time). Abbas also moved the capital to Isfahan, deeper into central Iran. He also made Efahn the capital of Persia and fostered commerce and the arts, so that Persian artistic achievement reached a high point in his reign . According to historian Roger Savory, "Salim's plan was to winter at Tabriz and complete the conquest of Persia the following spring. Savory, "Safavid Persia" in: Ann Katherine Swynford Lambton, Peter Malcolm Holt, Bernard Lewis, F. Daftary, "Intellectual Traditions in Islam", I.B.Tauris, 2001. p. 147: "But the origins of the family of Shaykh Safi al-Din go back not to Hijaz but to Kurdistan, from where, seven generations before him, Firuz Shah Zarin-kulah had migrated to Adharbayjan".

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