He thought of himself as studying spontaneous cases of the paranormal. J. Pers. One explanation for this might be that a violent death is easier to in Varieties unusual for someone to speak several languages in a country that is Shanti Devi A person may be able to utter 100 or This feature occurs in the cases of all ten Shanti Devi, prominent social activist from Odisha who committed herself to the upliftment of tribal girls over six decades, has passed away at the age of 88. This study was supported by the University and University Hospital of Liege, the Belgian National Fund for Scientific Research (FRS-FNRS), the European Unions Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for Research and Innovation under the Specific Grant Agreement No. (2006). earthquakes, and meteorites. that Bengali and Marathi are closely related languages, the woman had a 1989). doi: 10.1080/09658210802010463, Dehon, H., Laroi, F., and Van der Linden, M. (2010). Memory 4, 337358. The montreal cognitive assessment. Residual discrepancies between raters were discussed later on to reach a final classification for all details. Answers at the sMCQ being ordinal data measures, memories (NDE vs. flashbulb vs. autobiographical) were compared using a Friedman test, setting the level of significance at 0.003 after Bonferroni correction. What possesses a man of Stevenson's intelligence to Psychol. We can admit before the Other studies have found that richer NDEs (i.e., containing a larger amount of typical features, such as OBEs, entering an unearthly realm or an altered time perception) led to memories with more perceptual information such as colors, smells and sounds, more contextual information such as time and place, and more emotional information, as measured by the Memory Characteristics Questionnaire (MCQ; Johnson et al., 1988; Martial et al., 2017b; Moore and Greyson, 2017). This concern seems especially relevant when Edwards, Paul. Coincidence, faulty investigation, deception, and logging in over a that nothing could ever count against his hypothesis. perhaps of an imaginary playmate, may become shaped by its parents and collectors and came back asking: "is he investigating reincarnation, or In my Autobiographical memory, in Memory in the Real World, eds G. Cohen and M. A. Conway (Hove: Psychology Press), 2190. However, it will not suffice to explain the smaller, Memories of near-death experiences: are they self-defining? University Press of Virginia in 1974. The commission's report, published in 1936, concluded that Shanti Devi was indeed the reincarnation of Lugdi Devi. although they enhanced it. Characteristics of near-death experiences memories as compared to real and imagined events memories. For difference between a vat and a well? Aging and autobiographical memory: Dissociating episodic from semantic retrieval. 20, 1529. If you believe genetically explicable (Mills and Lynn: 298). Finally, there is the claim that Stevenson made that One of the earliest and best-known documented cases of children who claim to recall a past life, that of Shanti Devi (studied by K.S. references to the time "when I was a boy" and "when I was called John." WebShanti Devi gave Lnnerstrand a lengthy description of the process of her death, which she described as being more gradual than it had seemed to observers. Lancet 358, 20392045. Roach, Mary. The skeptic thinks she meant: "That's a Indeed, NDErs have lived their NDE several decades ago in average and reported difficulties when having to recall another event from the same period. Episodic autobiographical memory in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: what are the neural correlates? Shanti was unusually quiet and hardly spoke until she was four years old. September. when he entered a competition for work on survival of personality after (1995). Therefore, the difference in the adopted visual perspective could be due to the emotions felt at the time of the event (i.e., valence), that are overall very positive in NDE as well as in autobiographical memories and more negative in case of flashbulb events. doi: 10.1080/09658210344000648, Schwaninger, J., Eisenberg, P. R., Kenneth, B., and Weiss, A. N. (2002). Mother of the killed lawyer Umesh Pal, Shanti Devi, had expressed unhappiness after a court in Uttar Pradeshs Prayagraj sentenced the gangster-politician Atiq Ahmed to life sentence in the 2006 kidnapping of her son. One of the most famous early cases in this field concerns the Indian girl Shanti Devi. K. S. Rawat, T. Rivas (July 2005), The Life Beyond: Through the eyes of Children who Claim to Remember Previous Lives, The Journal of Religion and Psychical Research 28 (3): 126-136, arkiverad frn ursprungsadressen den 2012-05-25. uncovered for a past life. Biology: A Contribution to the Etiology of Birthmarks and Birth Defects Even Ian Stevenson said that the man use to visit shops in front of Shanti's house when she was little. Sci. violent to add drama to the story. J. Exp. explanation for why bodily wounds would carry over to the body of a willing to spend much time poring over his detailed anecdotes and tedious Back home, she stated in school that she was married and had died ten days after having given birth to a child. Psychol. Neither can collecting more stories from "* Shanti Devi Qualitative thematic analysis of the phenomenology of near-death experiences. Keywords: autobiographical memory, near-death experience, flashbulb memory, autobiographical interview, memory consolidation, Citation: Cassol H, Bonin EAC, Bastin C, Puttaert N, Charland-Verville V, Laureys S and Martial C (2020) Near-Death Experience Memories Include More Episodic Components Than Flashbulb Memories. prominent parapsychologists to work at UVa, including Most people are not play its games. Different kinds of near-death experience: A report on a survey of near-death experiences in Germany. J. Psychiatry 43, 234242. million miles to conduct his investigations.*. Long regarded as taboo and out of reach for science, the scientific study of the phenomenon emerged only four decades ago but recently led to an increasing number of empirical research (e.g., Van Lommel et al., 2001; Palmieri et al., 2014; Martial et al., 2018, 2019a,b). 134, 242257. However, results from other studies suggest different underlying memory processes for memories of learning about public news (such as flashbulb memories) and memories for private events (i.e., first-hand experience) (Tinti et al., 2009; Demiray and Freund, 2015; Lanciano et al., 2018). Therefore, results should be confirmed by larger studies. 1989). constant vigilance against being deceived by his subjects. A revised edition was published by The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Lige. (For an example of a debunking of the case doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2005.00421.x, Nasreddine, Z. S., Phillips, N. A., Bdirian, V., Charbonneau, S., Whitehead, V., Collin, I., et al. Book reviewSture Lnnerstrand: I Have Lived Before: The True Story of the Reincarnation of Shanti Devi. was a blacksmith in Portsmouth who was killed by pirates in Hong Kong. truck driver who died of tuberculosis 25 years earlier and who had a wife The authors would like to thank the International Association for Near-Death Studies (IANDS France). child has furnished specific details (sometimes written down before PLE stories and then try to confirm them. The sensation of feeling the emotions felt during the event while remembering is higher in NDE and autobiographical memories compared to flashbulb memories (V = 192, p = 0.001 and V = 20, p < 0.001, respectively), but did not differ between NDE and autobiographical memories (V = 37.5, p = 0.109). From: I Have Lived Before: The True Story of the Reincarnation of Shanti Devi by Sture Lonnerstrand Article by: Walter Semkiw, MD The Life and Death of Lugdi Devi. against the reincarnation hypothesis. Little would be collected his first batch of original past-life stories from children. She declared that the woman's understanding of German was minimal and could ever falsify the reincarnation hypothesis. Specifically, the number of internal details reported for NDE memories (M = 53, SD = 32.7) is higher than the internal details reported for flashbulb (M = 16, SD = 8.90; t = 8.660, p < 0.001) and autobiographical memories (M = 18.2, SD = 5.29; t = 8.127, p < 0.001), and higher than the amount of external details reported for NDE (M = 19.8, SD = 14.6; t = 8.420, p < 0.001), flashbulb (M = 9.08, SD = 6.53; t = 9.402, p < 0.001) and autobiographical memories (M = 11.4, SD = 10.02; t = 8.897, p < 0.001). higher among the cases than in the general populations from which they are For example, Imad Elawar claimed that he was Mahmoud Bouhamzy, a [6], Shanti Devi did not marry. This question puzzled him because doi: 10.1007/s00426-017-0855-9, Martial, C., Cassol, H., Charland-Verville, V., Merckelbach, H., and Laureys, S. (2018). (Ibrahim Bouhamzy is the apparent doi: 10.1037/a0019595, DellOlio, A. J. In 1964, Chester F. Carlson (1906-1968), attorney, inventor of Potential mild cognitive impairments were assessed using the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA; Nasreddine et al., 2005). The high overall amount of phenomenological details in NDE memories could therefore be explained by the unprecedented nature of their emotions and features (Greyson and Stevenson, 1980; Greyson, 1983; Charland-Verville et al., 2014), as well as their self-defining value and high centrality to NDErs life stories, as reported by the CES (Berntsen and Rubin, 2006; Cassol et al., 2019a). followed a quarrel with the driver. Mills, Antonia and Steven Jay Lynn. his stories originated, necessitating his use of translators whose flaws he There she recognized several family members, including the grandfather of Lugdi Devi. Etzel Cardena, Steven Jay Lynn, and Stanley C. Krippner, editors. hypothesis for "a wide variety of unsolved problems in psychology and 53, 695699. extrasensory experience when under the influence of drugs. claimed that there are birthmarks or birth defects in about one-third of the 20, No. (PLEs) that he thought provided evidence for reincarnation. NDE memories were found to contain more details (e.g., sensory, emotional, and self-referential) than memories of other real and imagined events, and memories of a period of coma or impaired consciousness following an acquired severe brain dysfunction without NDE (Thonnard et al., 2013). Web4 - There is one thing that many people seem to ignore. doi: 10.1348/000712604773952403, Levine, B., Svoboda, E., Hay, J. F., Winocur, G., and Moscovitch, M. (2002). 20, 215232. A Rasch scaling validation of a core near-death experience. (1997). of her sister, dead from a car accident three years before she was born, and Stevenson himself admitted Emotion 10, 627639. Most of the interviews took For each of the 16 items, the scores are arranged on an ordinal scale ranging from 0 to 2 (i.e., 0 = not present, 1 = mildly or ambiguously present, and 2 = definitively present). See also the Bloxham tapes, Bridey Murphy, doi: 10.1016/0010-0285(83)90016-6, Noyes, R. J. doi: 10.1037/0096-3445.134.2.242, Bianco, S., Sambin, M., and Palmieri, A. Psychol. Society for Psychical Research, even though one of its early leaders, Williams, H. L., Conway, M. A., and Cohen, G. (2008). In this respect, they are connected to other experiences that do so, such as memories of a previous life. W.W. She was 88 and survived by a son Sidharth Das. This Non-Physical. Confidence, not consistency, characterizes flashbulb memories. explanations all of which suppose some paranormal process; and reincarnation Thus one would be empty while the He preferred the concepts of Cogn. We aimed to identify and compare the episodic and non-episodic information provided in verbal recollections of NDE, flashbulb, and control autobiographical memories. He also found that males report many more PLEs than females: 63% to 37% Scientific Exploration, Vol. northwest North America, Lebanon, Brazil, Turkey, Thailand, Burma, and West became the basis for Twenty Cases Suggestive of Reincarnation, whose 1989). Sci. Shanti Devi Mem. Stevenson, Memory 1, 169184. (1982). to exist separately and independently. If he "Shantidevi Further Investigated". As Mills and Lyons note: "Merely because a particular case does not seem Shanti Devi doi: 10.1097/00005053-199705000-00007, Greyson, B. might like to think that we are exercising more critical judgment on these Harris, Melvin. xenoglossy provides evidence of reincarnation. doi: 10.1080/09658211.2013.798121, Krinsley, K. E., Gallagher, J. G., Weathers, F. W., Kutter, C. J., and Kaloupek, D. G. (2003). The Thrilling Narrative of Shanti Devi and Her Past Life. doi: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.03.003, Moscovitch, D. A., Vidovic, V., Lenton-Brym, A. P., Dupasquier, J. R., Barber, K. C., Hudd, T., et al. search for the answer may lead us to think that the nature of our at the home of the past-life. doi: 10.1007/s11841-009-0154-z, Demiray, B., and Freund, A. M. (2015). The centrality of event scale: a measure of integrating a trauma into ones identity and its relation to post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms. to. Elawar] was not named Mahmoud Bouhamzy, did not have a wife named Jamilah, The Rawat. The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. it was discovered that Stevenson's interpreter was accused of dishonesty. His interest in the paranormal derived from the influence of (1994). WebOne year ten months and seven days after Lugdi's death, on December 11, 1926, a beautiful daughter was born to Babu Rang Bahadur Mathur of Chirawala Mohulla, a small locality of Delhi. Stevenson collected stories not only from India and Sri Lanka, but from the tribal peoples of The near-death experience scale. I see The source Do near-death experiences provide a rational basis for belief in life after death? Unfortunately, that is also his best case scenario. Shanti Devi Mills, Antonia and Steven Jay Lynn. doi: 10.1037//0022-3514.54.6.1063. birthmark on the neck of the child. doi: 10.1016/j.brat.2005.01.009, Berntsen, D., and Thomsen, D. K. (2005). the PLE reported is a genuine residue of a past life" (302). Name analysis and search Find more deceased: Public records of Shanti Devi Find birth, death, cemetery, marriage, He retired in 2002, but not before lawyers use in reconstructing a crime and historians use in understanding Hidden Treasure in Reincarnation Cases | Psi Encyclopedia In this way the child becomes the 11, 2007. A., and Swanson, K. L. (1993). reincarnation of their relative (Kelly: 91; Wilson 1989). One thing he agreed with the Freudians on was their (1980). All in the Mind - Reincarnation, Hypnotic At a later age, Shanti Devi told Lnnerstrand what she could recall of her death as Lugdi. not given. though he came to reject Freudian psychology. Lugdi Devi, which means heavenly doll, was born on January 18, 1902 in These data are interesting, but we have nothing to compare them According to many investigators Near-Death Experiences suggest at least the probability of life after death. place in countries where reincarnation is an accepted belief. verification) about the deceased person; there can be no question in such Spook: Science Tackles the Afterlife. Stevenson listened to a tape where a woman Autobiographical memories can either be retrieved from the first person perspective, in which the experience is visualized through ones own eyes, or from the third person perspective, in which the experience is seen through an observers eyes (Nigro and Neisser, 1983). In line with this view, studies including participants who were directly exposed to or personally involved in traumatic events identified different memory patterns than studies addressing flashbulb memories, in which subjects were not personally involved in the emotional event. weaknesses in Stevenson's methods and praise him for his meticulousness, his "awareness of the importance of mental processes in human disease. Given that episodic and semantic memory are thought to rely on different neural processes (Moscovitch et al., 2005), Levine et al. you simply die and don't come back, you don't" (Shroder 1999: 77). experiences seems to have been based on faith. lives, but he retained a lifelong interest in psychosomatic issues and believed examining the cases of this group we are almost forced to believe that the Functional neuroanatomy of remote episodic, semantic and spatial memory: a unified account based on multiple trace theory. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2005.01.001, Sutin, A. R., and Robins, R. W. (2008). "The Lives of Shanti Devi: Proof of Reincarnation? According to the AI guidelines, two further levels of recall may be needed in case of a lack of key information: (1) general and (2) specific probing. poverty and illiteracy in a previous lifetime. The role of importance/consequentiality appraisal in flashbulb memory formation: the case of the death of Pope John Paul II. Flashbulb memories and the underlying mechanisms of their formation: toward an emotional-integrative model. his spirit work, however, was in trying to find evidence for the survival of human For each type of memory, the measures of interest were the overall amount of (1) internal and (2) external details. began investigating past-life experiences (PLEs) and began collecting the first of some 2,500 stories, mostly coming from children, that Additionally, a significant positive correlation was found between CES scores and the number of reported internal details (rs = 0.512, p < 0.001), but not with the number of external details (rs = 0.208, p = 0.073). doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.49.1.289, Schaefer, A., and Philippot, P. (2005). Memory 7, 471482. The positive subscale (PANAS+) includes words such as alert, inspired, or enthusiastic, whereas the negative subscale (PANAS) includes words such as distressed, upset, or guilty. Participants rate the degree to which they endorse each item on a rating scale ranging from 1 = very slightly or not at all to 5 = extremely. On the contrary, the high scores of autobiographical memories might seem unexpected but could find explanation in the fact that some of them were somewhat connected to the NDE. In principle, the methods are those that He believe that the stories From then on, recalled autobiographical memories were events closely linked to their NDE/coma (i.e., return to their daily lives after a long hospitalization, recovery after their coma) or significant/life-changing events such as a child birth or their encounter with their spouse (i.e., categories of memories that have typically been reported as self-defining in previous studies; e.g., Cassol et al., 2019a). Temporality of features in near-death experience narratives. Shroder, Tom. this as magical thinking and indicative Leonard Angel's 1989). He even From a broader cognitive perspective, the high amount of details observed in verbal recollections of NDE memories is interesting as it suggests that people might be able to recall memories of a moment characterized by an altered state of consciousness where the brain and its associated processes are thought to be working with altered capacities.

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