Historian Jrmie Foa offers a very unique view of the 1572 massacres in his work entitled Tous ceux qui tombent: visages du massacre de la Saint-Barthlemy [All that fall: faces of the St. Bartholomew's day massacre]. St. Bartholomew's Day massacre; File:Giorgio Vasari San Bartolomeo.jpg; File usage on other wikis. 2nd Luxemburg; Fontaine-Franaise; Ham; Le Catelet; Doullens; Cambrai; Calais; La Fre; Ardres; Amiens. At this time, in an age before mass media, "the pulpit remained probably the most effective means of mass communication".[84]. The execution decision was therefore his own, and not Catherine de' Medici's. Useful pedagogic aids include headnotes and gloss notes to the documents, a list of major figures, a chronology of key events, questions for consideration, a selected bibliography, and an index. The Massacre of St. Bartholomews Day had for its background the political and religious rivalries of the court of France. [28], Although Charles had dispatched orders to his provincial governors on August 24 to prevent violence and maintain the terms of the 1570 edict,[29] from August to October, similar massacres of Huguenots took place in a total of twelve other cities: Toulouse, Bordeaux, Lyon, Bourges, Rouen,[30] [90], Holt, notable for re-emphasising the importance of religious issues, as opposed to political/dynastic power struggles or socio-economic tensions, in explaining the French Wars of Religion, also re-emphasised the role of religion in the St Bartholomew's Day Massacre. [60] Many Catholic authors were exultant in their praise of the king for his bold and decisive action (after regretfully abandoning a policy of meeting Huguenot demands as far as he could) against the supposed Huguenot coup, whose details were now fleshed out in officially sponsored works, though the larger mob massacres were somewhat deprecated: "[one] must excuse the people's fury moved by a laudable zeal which is difficult to restrain once it has been stirred up". [80] Apart from Anjou, the others were all Italian advisors at the French court. [89] Some blame the complete esteem with which the sovereign's office was held, justified by prominent French Roman Catholic theologians, and that the special powers of French Kings "were accompanied by explicit responsibilities, the foremost of which was combating heresy". Anonymous, A German Print of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre . Requiring Component procedures may authorize DoD Governmentwide Commercial Purchase Card Ordering Officers to make purchases up to the simplified acquisition threshold in which three of the following cases? Summary: A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in France's sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. 31. This was the fourth civil war, and centred about a few fortified towns, such as La Rochelle, Montauban, and Nmes. King Charles IX ordered the killing of a group of Huguenot leaders, including Coligny, and the slaughter spread throughout Paris. The St Bartholomew's Day Massacre is the setting for Tim Willocks' historical novel, The Twelve Children of Paris (Matthias Tannhauser Trilogy:2), published in 2013. The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1913 was still ready to endorse a version of this view, describing the massacres as "an entirely political act committed in the name of the immoral principles of Machiavellianism" and blaming "the pagan theories of a certain raison d'tat according to which the end justified the means". On August 18, 1572, Catherines daughter, Margaret of France (Marguerite de Valois), was married to the Huguenot Henry of Navarre (the future Henry IV of France), and a large part of the Huguenot nobility came to Paris for the wedding. The Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre by Franois Dubois. Elizabeth restores the Church of England (1558- ) From the Venetian ambassador Giovanni Michiel's, harsh report, people might imagine the relationship of religion to politics and political. The Swiss mercenaries expelled the Protestant nobles from the Louvre castle and then slaughtered them in the streets. The murder of thousands of French Protestants by Catholics in August 1572 influenced not only the subsequent course of Frances civil wars and state building, but also patterns of international alliance and long-standing cultural values across Europe. Moreover seven of them shared a previous experience [they] had actually been taken over by Protestant minorities during the first civil war"[29], In several cases the Catholic party in the city believed they had received orders from the king to begin the massacre, some conveyed by visitors to the city, and in other cases apparently coming from a local nobleman or his agent. A riveting account of the Saint Bartholomews Day Massacre, its origins, and its aftermath, this volume by Barbara B. Diefendorf introduces students to the most notorious episode in Frances sixteenth century civil and religious wars and an event of lasting historical importance. Catherine had not obtained Pope Gregory XIII's permission to celebrate this irregular marriage; consequently, the French prelates hesitated over which attitude to adopt. Chains were used to block streets so that Protestants could not escape from their houses. Henry VIII (king of England, 1509-1547) . [9] In the massacres of August, the relatives of the Gastines family were among the first to be killed by the mob. Incidental characters include Henri of Navarre, Marguerite de Valois (Constance Talmadge), Admiral Coligny (Joseph Henabery), and the Duke of Anjou, who is portrayed as homosexual. After all, she was originally involved in a plan to kill only one person, not thousands. These historic scenes are depicted alongside a fictional plot in which a Huguenot family is caught among the events. [62], Diplomatic correspondence was readier than published polemics to recognise the unplanned and chaotic nature of the events,[63] which also emerged from several accounts in memoirs published over the following years by witnesses to the events at court, including the famous Memoirs of Margaret of Valois, the only eye-witness account of the massacre from a member of the royal family. According to 10 United States Code 2784, which two of the following could result from a Governmentwide Commercial Purchase Card Program violation? FROM A Venetian Ambassador's Report on the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre The struggle for supremacy in northern Italy, which marked the last half of the fif- teenth century, gave rise to a new form of diplomacy, including structures and pro- cedures that would be fundamental to relations among all modern states. However, when Charles IX and his mother learned of the involvement of the duke of Anjou, and being so dependent on his support, they issued a second royal declaration, which while asking for an end to the massacres, credited the initiative with the desire of Charles IX to prevent a Protestant plot. Despite the firm opposition of the Queen Mother and the King, Anjou, Lieutenant General of the Kingdom, present at this meeting of the council, could see a good occasion to make a name for himself with the government. Power Point According to Denis Crouzet, Charles IX feared a Protestant uprising, and chose to strangle it at birth to protect his power. Though no details of the meeting survive, Charles IX and his mother apparently made the decision to eliminate the Protestant leaders. [37] It has been claimed that the Huguenot community represented as much as 10% of the French population on the eve of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, declining to 78% by the end of the 16th century, and further after heavy persecution began once again during the reign of Louis XIV, culminating with the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes.[38]. Thus, some modern historians have stressed the critical and incendiary role that militant preachers played in shaping ordinary lay beliefs, both Catholic and Protestant. Aware of the danger of reprisals from the Protestants, the king and his court visited Coligny on his sickbed and promised him that the culprits would be punished. Richard Verstegan, Horrible Cruelties of the Huguenots in France, 1587 . 5 In 1546 the Venetian ambassador, Mariano Cavalli, estimated the . The tasks of a permanent ambassador were to represent his government at state ceremonies, to gather information, and, occasionally, to enter negotiations. "Huguenot writers, who had previously, for the most part, paraded their loyalty to the Crown, now called for the deposition or assassination of a Godless king who had either authorised or permitted the slaughter". Chnier was able to put his principles into practice as a politician, voting for the execution of Louis XVI and many others, perhaps including his brother Andr Chnier. The ambassador of the United States to the Holy See is the official representative of the United States of America to the Holy See, the leadership of the Catholic Church.The official representation began with the formal opening of diplomatic relations with the Holy See by President Ronald Reagan and Pope John Paul II in 1984.. Before the establishment of formal diplomatic relations, President . 2. Henry of Guise then planned an attack on all protestants. [83][pageneeded], Traditional histories have tended to focus more on the roles of the political notables whose machinations began the massacre than the mindset of those who actually did the killing. Javascript is not enabled in your browser. 34. Ordinary lay Catholics were involved in the mass killings; they believed they were executing the wishes of the king and of God. About twelve thousand Huguenots were killed between August 25 and October 3. The murder of thousands of French Protestants by Catholics in August 1572 influenced not only the subsequent course of Frances civil wars and state building, but also patterns of international alliance and long-standing cultural values across Europe. Roberts, Yvonne. Family feuds and confessional choices Uh-oh, it looks like your Internet Explorer is out of date. 8891 (quotation from p. 91), Foa, Jrmie, "Tous ceux qui tombent. 89102, quotation from p. 102, Burdett, Sarah, Sarah Burdett, "'Feminine Virtues Violated Motherhood, Female Militancy and According to Thierry Wanegffelen, the member of the royal family with the most responsibility in this affair is Henry, Duke of Anjou, the king's ambitious younger brother. Revolutionary Violence in Elizabeth Inchbald's, Letters from Earth. Read and study old-school with our bound texts. [11], In the years preceding the massacre, Huguenot political rhetoric had for the first time taken a tone against not just the policies of a particular monarch of France, but monarchy in general. Political Responses . The Edict of Boulogne (25 June, 1573) put an end to it, granting to all Huguenots amnesty for the past and liberty to worship in those three towns. Please enable JavaScript on your browser. It depicts the massacre as having been instigated by Catherine de' Medici for both religious and political reasons, and authorised by a weak-willed and easily influenced Charles IX.[103]. Encouraged by Catholic preachers, they were horrified at the marriage of a princess of France to a Protestant. The book begins with an introduction that explores the political and religious context for the massacre and traces the course of the massacre and its aftermath. Inchbald kept the historical setting, but The Massacre, completed by February 1792, also reflected events in the recent French Revolution, though not the September Massacres of 1792, which coincided with its printing. Even within the Louvre, Navarres attendants were slaughtered, though Navarre and Henry I de Bourbon, 2nd prince de Cond, were spared. Jesuit general from 1565 to 1572. ), p. 91. It seems probable that a signal was given by ringing bells for matins (between midnight and dawn) at the church of Saint-Germain l'Auxerrois, near the Louvre, which was the parish church of the kings of France. Updates? 1,293 solutions. Other theories about who was ultimately responsible for the attack centre on three candidates: The attempted assassination of Coligny triggered the crisis that led to the massacre. Omissions? 33. Arques; Ivry; Paris; Chteau-Laudran; Rouen; Caudebec; Craon; 1st Luxemburg; Blaye; Morlaix; Fort Crozon, Franco-Spanish War (159598) According to Reuters and the Associated Press, at a late-night vigil, with the hundreds of thousands of young people who were in Paris for the celebrations, he made the following comments: "On the eve of Aug. 24, we cannot forget the sad massacre of St. Bartholomew's Day, an event of very obscure causes in the political and religious history of France. The corpses floating down the Rhne from Lyon are said to have put the people of Arles off drinking the water for three months. Lasting several weeks in all, the massacre expanded outward to the countryside and other urban centres. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Follett completely clears King Charles IX and his mother Catherine of any complicity and depicts them as sincere proponents of religious toleration, caught by surprise and horrified by the events; he places the entire responsibility on the Guise Family, following the "Machiavellian" view of the massacre and depicting it as a complicated Guise conspiracy, meticulously planned in advance and implemented in full detail. The Council of Trent (meets 1545-1563) This was much more than a war against the policies of the crown, as in the first three civil wars; it was a campaign against the very existence of the Gallican monarchy itself". Sculpted Pillar at Gobekli Tepe (c. 10,000 B.C.E.) The severed head of Coligny was apparently dispatched to Pope Gregory XIII, though it got no further than Lyon, and the pope sent the king a Golden Rose.

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