before.). This However, occasionally you will discover that your family underwent a name change between 1870 and 1880. Furthermore, the constant use of racially-charged language to describe African Ancestors will bring the often-oppressive environment to life, easily discouraging sensitive researchers. Reconstruction Returns of Voters, 1867, RG 1-1-108: Lists voters number; date of registry; name; number and page in Oath Book; race; time of residence in state, county and precinct within a year; nativity by state or county; naturalization (if any); and remarks (if any). The birthplace of each individuals parents is also important, as it will help to establish migration routes. Cookie Settings, preaching and shouting at a religious gathering, National Historical Geographic Information System], Five Places Where You Can Still Find Gold in the United States, Scientists Taught Pet Parrots to Video Call Each Otherand the Birds Loved It, Balto's DNA Provides a New Look at the Intrepid Sled Dog, The Science of California's 'Super Bloom,' Visible From Space, What We're Still Learning About Rosalind Franklins Unheralded Brilliance. The population numbers from the 1860 census are shown below. Accuracy and availability may vary. If you are an admin, please authenticate by logging in again. transcription includes 104 slaveholders who held 20 or more slaves in Franklin County, An Charleston County, South Carolina saw an increase in colored population of about Researching the late nineteenth century, from Reconstruction immediately following the Civil War to the eve of the twentieth century, can be both a blessing and a curse for many African American families. Slavery generated profits comparable to those from other investments and was only ended as a consequence of the War Between the States. Around 1800 about half the population of Brazil consisted of slaves, but that percentage declined to about 33 percent in 1850 and to 15 percent after the shutting off of imports around 1850 combined with free immigration to raise the proportion of Europeans. By 1850 nearly two-thirds of the plantation slaves were engaged in the production of cotton. Should the federal government pay reparations to the descendants of enslaved people? Where did the freed slaves go if they did not stay in the same ", 2023 Smithsonian Magazine (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County was Federal Records U.S. Adjutant Generals Office: The Negro in the Military Service of the United States, 1639-1886. Where did the freed slaves go if they did not stay in the same If an African American ancestor Due to variable film quality, handwriting interpretation questions and inconsistent counting As the hunger for more farmland stretched west, so too did the demand for enslaved labor. Georgia Archives File II Counties, Subjects, and Name,s RG 4-2-46. % of the total number of U.S. slaveholders, or 1 out of 7,000 free persons, held 20-30% of the total number of slaves in the Please note: Many of these records are found in either the Ordinary (Probate) Court or in the Superior Court, depending on the county. The directories have been scanned and indexed and are searchable by name, date, and location. purposes. In 1850, the slave census was also separate from the free census, but in earlier years it was a part of the free statistic alerts) please log in with your personal account. Please do not hesitate to contact me. WebThe 1870 census: the first after emancipation As the 1860 federal census preceded the end of slavery in 1864-1865, the 1870 federal census is extremely important to African almost non-existent. Browser, which is a very detailed, searchable and highly recommended database that can found at You can explore the map for yourself, but below I have created animations to highlight some of the major patterns. Bight of Benin: Benin, Nigeria, Togo and living in County), WILLIAMS, 28865, 2061, 54, 2969, 1967, 53. The census itself only constitutes indirect evidence. In some parts of Brazil, such as Pernambuco, some two-thirds of the population consisted of Africans and their offspring. Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); Florida, up 29,000 (46%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up 25,000 Tobacco initially was the profitable crop that occupied most slaves in the Chesapeake. Check the County Records Microfilm Catalog under the name of the county and Ordinary records. microfilm for the details listed regarding the sex, age and color of the slaves. " In other words, slavery was not the paternalist institution that its apologists made it out to be: it was an relentlessly exploitative system where the fundamental relation of owner to enslaved was defined by the markets. 17,040, and the "colored" population had increased 5% to 25,417. With the official blessing of the U.S. Census Bureau, she and her husband, Richard Sutch, led a team of 80 scholars to compile historical statistics. If the ancestor is not on this list, the 1860 slave census Cookie Policy At the beginning of the 1600s, enslaved people for the Trans-Atlantic slave trade were captured in Senegambia and the Windward Coast. In the first decades of the early republic, the northern states had a significant population of slaves, which only slowly diminished through gradual emancipation laws. (NARA microfilm series M653, Roll 922) reportedly includes a total of 7,076 slaves. Slave population in 1860 chart Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_United_States_census Slave Population in 1860 Map 34 counties kept separate indenture registers: Baldwin, Campbell, Carroll, Chatham, Chattooga, Cherokee, Clay, Clinch, Coweta, Dooly, Glascock, Haralson, Jackson, Laurens, Liberty, Lincoln, Madison, McDuffie, Meriwether, Mitchell, Monroe, Morgan, Oglethorpe, Polk, Pulaski, Putnam, Sumter, Taliaferro, Terrell, Thomas, Washington, Webster, Whitfield, and Wilkes. WebSlave Importation Registers, 1800-1845, and Lists of Slaves: Affidavits of persons bringing slaves into the state, and lists or registers of slaves and slave owners. Maybe it wasn't as bad as people make it out to be. WebSlaves names were not recorded in the U.S. Census until after the war, in 1870. H., 49 slaves, Harris page 217B, YARBROUGH, J. S., 83 slaves, Franklinton page 184, YARBROUGH, James H. Owner, James W.? accounting for 8,445 slaves, or just over 35% of the County total. SURNAME MATCHES AMONG AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. LARGEST SLAVEHOLDERS FROM 1860 SLAVE CENSUS SCHEDULES, SURNAME MATCHES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. not realize that ancestor was also listed as a slaveholder on the slave schedules, because published Slave Voyages. Owner Louisburg NC, Jesse Perry overseer,59 slaves, Galloway page of large farms must have resulted in lots of duplication of plantation names. S.?, 42 slaves, Harris page 211, FOSTER, Elizabeth, 50 slaves, Harris page 211B, FOSTER, Mariah, 24 slaves, Harris page 204, GILL, Robert, 24 slaves, Harris page 212B, GREEN, Dr. Census data for 1860 was obtained from the Historical United States Census Data Browser, which is a very U.S. Coast Survey, Map showing the distribution of the slave population of the southern states of the United States (Washington, DC: Henry S. Graham, 1861). County? Various Census reports from 1790 to 1860 provide informationon the numbers of enslaved people in the United States, and statistics on slavery. had decreased about 1.8 % to 7,501. Of, 67 slaves, Harris page 221B, DAVIS, Dr. A banner on the map proclaims that it was "sold for the benefit of the Sick and Wounded Soldiers of the U.S. In 1860, the eighth census counted 3,953,760. Who was the first African American to graduate from Harvard? Following the holder list is a LARGEST SLAVEHOLDERS FROM 1860 SLAVE CENSUS SCHEDULES, SURNAME MATCHES FOR AFRICAN AMERICANS ON 1870 CENSUS. the census page), the number of slaves they held in the County where the slaves were enumerated and the first census page County were held by a total of 501 slaveholders, and those slaveholders have not been included By 1870, freedmen and whites produced as much cotton as the South produced in the slave time of 1860. Your Privacy Rights WebThe U.S. Census Bureau counts the number of people living in the United States every 10 years. Check microfilm card catalog Tax Digest drawer for microfilm of tax digests not in Archives custody. researchers should view the source film personally to verify or modify the information in this transcription for their own Maps can't tell us everything, but they can help, especially interactive web maps that can zoom in and out, represent more than one subject, and be set in motion to show change over time. Richard Theodore Greener slaves, or an average of about ten slaves per holder. available through Heritage Quest at http://www.heritagequest.com/ . WebThe 1860 U.S. Census was the last U.S. census showing slaves and slaveholders. In 1840, the slave population reached its peak of nearly 59,000 people; by 1860, there were 37,000 enslaved people, just 63 percent as many slaves as two decades earlier. 1870 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household - Enlarged 1870 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, Beat 1, Corsicana post office, page 1, dwelling 3, family 3, Calvin Kelly household; digital images, Ancestry.com; citing NARA microfilm publication M593, FS Library Film roll 1600. County, South Carolina census for 1860 and not know whether that person was also listed as a slaveholder on the slave T., 23 slaves, Harris page 219B, HAWKINS, Mrs. J. D., 40 slaves, Harris page 212B, HILL, Daniel S. Owner Louisburg NC, Andrew Conn overseer, 37 slaves, Galloway page 191B, HILL, Danl. A.?, 26 slaves, Harris page 196, MOSES, Amanda, 25 slaves, Harris page 196B, NEAL, John owner Lousisburg NC, Wm. Please create an employee account to be able to mark statistics as favorites. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'historyguy_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',322,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-historyguy_com-medrectangle-3-0');An American Slave with Scars from Whipping, Slaves as a Percentage of the U.S. Population. Some of these former slaves may have been using the surname of their 1860 slaveholder on this list is beyond the scope of this transcription. Though thematic mapping had its origins in the 19th century, the technique is useful for understanding history in our own day. Like Rome and the Sokoto caliphate, the South was totally transformed by the presence of slavery. WebApproximately 600,000 of 10 million African slaves made their way into the American colonies before the slave trade not slavery was banned by Congress in 1808. Advertising Notice Most counties have indices to grantor and grantee, also called direct and reverse. If you can find them here, try again in 1850. Under the slave owners name, a line for each slave shows age, complexion, and sex. Business Solutions including all features. According to U.S. Census data, the 1860 Franklin States that saw significant increases in colored population States that saw significant increases in colored population And then the amazing thing is that if you follow the families from census to census, you find that the adults are ultimately becoming literate probably because their children, who had learned how to read and write in school, were going home and teaching their parents what they had learned themselves. Tens of thousands of Indigenous people labored in bondage across the western United States in the 1800s. Sutch and Carter tell Debbie Elliott what numbers reveal about literacy among freed slaves and the frequency of lynchings in the South. Surname matching of Americans on the 1870 census who were enumerated with the same surname. Sierra Leone: Guinea, Sierra Leone, Liberia Ancestry.com and our loyal RootsWeb community. approximately 392,000, an 8% increase, with these Counties being some that showed significant Web1521. the time of the source, with African American being used otherwise. and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested researchers should view The same family may appear with different surnames in the 1870 and 1880 federal census records, and may appear in other records with either, both, or a third surname altogether. This transcription includes 138 slaveholders who held 40 or more slaves in Edgefield County, One such report is located at this Census Bureau page on Slavery. Plantation names were not shown on the census. Initially the islands often were settled as well by numerous indentured labourers and other Europeans, but following the triumph after 1645 of the sugar revolution (initially undertaken because superior Virginia tobacco had left the Barbadian planters with nothing to sell) and after the nature of the disease climate became known to Europeans, they came to be inhabited almost exclusively by imported African slaves. Census data on African Americans in the 1870 census was If your ancestor does not appear in the 1850 or 1860 censuses, it is quite likely that he or she was enslaved during this time.Only by researching the owners records will you be able to locate information on your ancestor. Slaves first were brought to Virginia in 1619. detailed, searchable and highly recommended database that can found at http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/ . For example, the Census did not count any slaves in Vermont, which abolished slavery in its 1777 constitution. In Brazil, where sugar had been tried even before its planting in the Caribbean, the coffee bush was imported from Arabia or Ethiopia via Indonesia, and it had an impact similar to that of sugar in the Caribbean. Some of these former slaves may have been using the surname of their 1860 slaveholder at the time of These include: The same methods for locating your family in the twentieth century census records will help you locate your family in the 1880 census. From NKAA, Notable Kentucky African Americans Database (main entry). City Directories: Available mainly for Atlanta (1853-1990), but a few are available for other cities in Georgia. What happened, not Susan and I, but some other scholars said we have to treat this systematically. (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County The Civil War resulted in the loss of about 600,000 lives. colored population in South Carolina remained about the same in 1870 as it was in 1860. who used the surname of a former owner in 1870, vary widely and from region to region. Taken every 10 years since 1790, census records provide a snapshot of the nation's population. WebThe 1860 U.S. Census counted 3,605 slave owners in West Virginia. Check the microfilm card catalog under Executive Dept. Southeast Africa: Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania including surname. According to the authoritative SlaveVoyages.org, the total number of black slaves imported from Africa into America was 305,326. Georgia Archives only has limited microfilm publications which pertain to Georgia records. Using the 1880 census to identify families, The 1870 census: the first after emancipation, African Americans in the U.S. Federal Census, 1870-1890 - International Institute, The International Institute for Genealogical Studies, The International Institute of Genealogical Studies, National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_the_U.S._Federal_Census,_1870-1890_-_International_Institute&oldid=5300326. Cotton was not a slave crop in India or in southwest China, where it was grown in bulk Willie?, 70 slaves, Harris page 202, PERSON, Antny A., 28 slaves, Harris page 215B, PERSON, Presley C., 24 slaves, Franklinton page 182, PERSON, Thos. Profit from the additional features of your individual account. can be viewed to see if there were smaller slaveholders with that surname. All rights reserved. Copyright 2006 NPR. The proportions of slaves on the islands ranged from more than a third in Cuba, which went into the sugar and gang labour business on a large scale only after the local planters had gained control in 1789, to 90 percent and more on Jamaica in 1730, Antigua in 1775, and Grenada up to 1834. Department of Education, Local Superintendents Annual Reports, 1938-1977, RG 12-22-64, : Arranged by county, describe each school building, number of teachers, number of employees, number of students in each grade, average daily attendance, budget, and other statistics. obtained using Heritage Quests CD African-Americans in the 1870 U.S. Federal Census, WebThe 1870 population census was the Ninth Decennial Census of the United States. Ms. SUSAN CARTER (Editor, "Historical Statistics of the United States"): A lot of these datas that are presented in those five volumes, they were collected and presented here because they answer a question that's relevant to American history today. Though the census schedules speak in terms of "slave owners", the transcriber has chosen to use the You should try to use other records to corroborate the presumed relationship, but the census may be the only evidence you can locate. WebThis was an increase of 35.4 percent over the 23,069,876 persons enumerated during the 1850 census. Charleston County, South Carolina saw an increase in colored population of about (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County was In, Slave Voyages. In general, you will use the same method as with the enumerations discussed earlier to locate your family in the 1870 census. The invention of the cotton gin by Eli Whitney in 1793 changed the situation, and thereafter cotton culture created a huge demand for slaves, especially after the opening of the New South (Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Texas). 15,653 whites, 173 "free colored" and 24,060 slaves. of 1,543 slaveholders, and those slaveholders have not been included here. acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,184 farms of and 1870, the South Carolina colored population only increased by 4,000, to 416,000, a 1% increase. 5 Roles (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231 /1-5) This microfilm publication reproduces the seven volumes (eight bound parts) of records compiled for publication by the Colored Troops Division of the Adjutant Generals Office. | READ MORE, Lincoln Mullen is a historian of American religions. TERMINOLOGY. Sr., 21 slaves, Harris page 203, RODWELL, Robert, 24 slaves, Harris page 220, RUFFIN, Mary, 22 slaves, Galloway page 188B, SLOTH?, Thos. TERMINOLOGY. The information on surname matches of 1870 African Americans and 1860 slaveholders is intended merely to provide data There is a twenty year difference rather than a ten year difference from the next census, though, so the family will likely appear very different. Before presuming an African American was a slave on the 1860 census, the free census for 1860 This page has been viewed 13,839 times (38 via redirect). 1880 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, enumeration district 127, page 15, dwelling 123, family 123, Calvin Kelley household; digital images, Ancestry.com, NARA microfilm publication T9, FS Library Film roll 1321. ELLIOTT: Now the work in your volumes can also help resolve historical disputes. 1860 slaveholder. So at the 1870 census a black man who reported he could not read or write by 1880 was now reporting that he could read and write. of that County on which they were listed. It is the first census to name all former slaves. http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/ . Federal Census", available through Heritage Quest at http://www.heritagequest.com/ . If the Archives does not have the city or time period in which you are interested, be sure to check at the local public library. So once people were free, they had an enormous thirst for education, and what happened was that their demand for learning was met in part by a number of school teachers who came from the North to set up schools in the South to teach the freedmen. Some collections are available in original format, while others are available solely on microfilm.

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