4 0 obj Spread to Nigeria and Senegal, CDC teams . stream The Epidemiologic Triangle The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) defines an outbreak or epidemic as "the occurrence of more cases of disease, injury, or other health condition than expected in a given area or among a specific group of persons during a specific period." This virus was all the more deadly as it often took hours for any symptoms to occur. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Ebola virus disease in West Africa: the first 9 months of the epidemic and forward projections. 2015 Feb 5;372(6):587-8. Monoclonal antibodies are proteins produced in a laboratory or other manufacturing facility that act like natural antibodies to stop a germ such as a virus from multiplying after it has infected a person. PLoS One. Information on the year of the outbreak, date of beginning and end, duration of the outbreak in days, number of cases, number of deaths, population at risk, geographic extension affected in Km2, and time of notification of the first cases to the World Health Organization (WHO) have been searched and analyzed. * A suspected case (evaluated by a clinician) or person who died from suspected EVD and had an epidemiological link to a confirmed case (but was not tested and did not have laboratory confirmation of the disease) becomes PROBABLE. MeSH Potluri R, Kumar A, Oriol-Mathieu V, Van Effelterre T, Metz L, Bhandari H. BMC Infect Dis. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! 3 0 obj [4]Leroy EM, Gonzalez JP, Baize S. Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever viruses: major scientific advances, but a relatively minor public health threat for Africa. CDC Emergency Operations Center activated, CDC deployments surge. https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1411100#t=article doi: 10.1128/spectrum.02212-21. The Ebola virus causes a high-risk hemorrhagic fever that affects multiple organ systems in the body and is often accompanied by bleeding (Cullinane & Park, 2014, What is Ebola? Outbreaks of EVD have occurred in those areas. If you have concerns about EVD, contact your healthcare provider. The Epidemiological Triangle is a model that scientists have developed to understand infectious diseases and how they spread is the Epidemiological Triangle. Each genus includes some serotypes with the distinctive characteristics to cause high mortality rate during outbreaks. Nat Rev Dis Primers. doi: 10.7554/eLife.16412. Outbreak of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in the Republic of the Congo, 2003: a new strategy? Read about the Epidemiologic Triangle. By clicking "Allow All" you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, %PDF-1.5 xna%b83EtbQ,@.%dWg8Ci%aI$\7_wo>|r)oo7xy!RH"dsy{q&|/~h'n31;@.>aP19z2"rphVh0lGmY3/KlH1ZC0L^[`|C4ryDpX{exve&X$o+@Plp{An22P03R_2kP#PO-r7_Dn~+ZV0YVVv~U~i[eQxyn; -DBF)%9"v! Margaret Chan, the Director-General of the WHO responded by upgrading the outbreak a Level 3 emergency. Ebola virus disease (EVD) is one of the most virulent pathogens among viral hemorrhagic fevers affecting economically deprived countries of the world with reported case fatality rates of up to 90% due to multiorgan failure and severe bleeding complications. Owned and operated by AZoNetwork, 2000-2023. As known, the US certainly have less cases and deaths due to Ebola in comparison to countries all over Africa. stream PDF Ebola outbreak: mission instructions and resources student guide - PBS Among the simplest of these is the epidemiologic triad or triangle, the traditional model for infectious disease. 2022: the fourteenth outbreak in the DRC started on April 23, 2022 in the quateur province and was declared over on July 4, 2022, with a total of 5 cases and 5 deaths (case fatality rate 100%). With the current outbreak, this ratio has dramatically decreased as a result of scientific research leading to early detection, but the current infected population is more than 20 times the amount of any previous outbreak and this number continues to grow as no vaccine exists to prevent the disease. Peterson AT, Bauer JT, Mills JN. 1. Careers. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON351, 2021: a small outbreak was reported in Guinea on February 14, 2021 and was declared over on June 19, 2021, with a total of 23 cases and 12 deaths (case fatality rate 52%). You will use the example of Escherichia coli (E. coli) in describing the three vertices (corners) of the Epidemiologic Triangle. Ebola Virus Disease: Epidemiology, Clinical Features, Management, and Prevention Authors Emanuele Nicastri 1 , Gary Kobinger 2 , Francesco Vairo 1 , Chiara Montaldo 1 , Leonard E G Mboera 3 , Rashid Ansunama 4 , Alimuddin Zumla 5 , Giuseppe Ippolito 6 Affiliations Keywords: burial practices, communicable disease, emerging disease, environment, epidemiology, infection, public health, risk exposure, surveillance, transmission, Suggested Citation: January 2015 [internet publication]. [24]Report of an International Commission. He, Alexander J. Ebola virus infection; chain of infection; determinants; replication number; risk factor; source; spread; transmission. In: Knipe DM, Howley PM, editors. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON404 Jul 2022 [internet publication]. The ebola virus took the world by storm after it was carried to the United States and spread by people who had visited West Africa. falling to 31.5% in some treatment centers in West Africa,[27]Ansumana R, Jacobsen KH, Idris M, et al. In 2014, an Ebola epidemic spread from Africa to other continents, becoming a pandemic. Unfortunately, this is not the case in Africa. 2022: one case was reported in the DRC on August 21, 2022 in the North Kivu province. www.cidrap.umn.edu//commentary-health-workers-need-optimal-respiratory-protection-ebola "Being at first skeptical that Ebola virus could be an aerosol-transmissible disease, we are now persuaded by a review of experimental and epidemiologic data that this might be an important feature of disease transmission, particularly in healthcare settings.". Epidemiology of the Ebola Virus: Facts and Hypotheses There were 318 cases and 280 deaths, an 88% case fatality rate. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0052986, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23285243?tool=bestpractice.com. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Ebola Virus Disease: Rapid Diagnosis and Timely Case Reporting are Critical to the Early Response for Outbreak Control. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/ebola-virus-disease-democratic-republic-of-the-congo-draft. Ebola outbreak mission instructions and resources - PBS Aug 2022 [internet publication]. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON398, 2021: the thirteenth outbreak in the DRC started on October 8, 2021 in the North Kivu province and was declared over on December 16, 2021, with a total of 11 cases and 9 deaths (case fatality rate 82%). Ebola Report: Timeline | About | CDC BAM, Teacher's Corner, Understanding the Epidemiologic Triangle - CDC Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) is a serious, often fatal disease caused by the Ebolavirus, a virus of the Filoviridae family, capable of infecting multiple species of primates, including humans. News-Medical. Opens in new window, Use of this content is subject to our disclaimer. Ecologic and geographic distribution of filovirus disease. There has been a change in the epidemiological profile of the Ebola outbreaks from 1976 through 2019 with an increase in the geographical extent of the outbreaks and the population at risk, as well as a significant decrease in the outbreaks case fatality rate. A cross border surveillance program began in June to limit the spread of the disease between the countries. In this time the Center for Disease Control spent much time and many resources looking for answers to the many questions they had. %PDF-1.5 Ebola virus disease Democratic Republic of the Congo. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/07/31/world/africa/ebola-virus-outbreak-qa.html, In contrast to this, the Sudan ebolavirus has a lower case fatality rate of 39% to 65% in previous outbreaks, with the largest outbreak occurring in 2000 in Uganda (425 cases). Leroy EM, Gonzalez JP, Baize S. Ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fever viruses: major scientific advances, but a relatively minor public health threat for Africa. 8600 Rockville Pike 2021. Since discovered, there have been known cases in Africa. 2015 Sep;93(3):438-40. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.15-0229. Careers. (Michaels-Strasser et al. Huang, Yu-Hsun Disease outbreak news. N Engl J Med. Many of these symptoms are also present with other more common diseases, such as malaria and typhoid fever. There can be any number of elements that fall under each of the Triangles vertexes. Am J Public Health. The second drug, Ebanga, is a single monoclonal antibody and was approved in December 2020. Ebola is not spread through the air (for example, by coughing or sneezing), by water, or through cooked food. World Health Organization. For any urgent enquiries please contact our customer services team who are ready to help with any problems. CDC Issues Level 3 travel Warnings for West Africa. 2022 Dec;11(1):1635-1646. doi: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2086072. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help How many Ebola patients have been treated outside of Africa? Principles of Epidemiology | Lesson 1 - Section 8 - CDC [36]World Health Organization. 2022. Sanchez A, Geisbert TW, Feldmann H. Filoviridae: Marburg and Ebola viruses. Clin Microbiol Infect. The case fatality rate during the 2014 outbreak was up to 64.3% in hospital admissions,[18]WHO Ebola Response Team. Epub 2022 Apr 6. FOIA Evolution of ebola virus disease from exotic infection to global health priority, Liberia, mid-2014. Has data issue: false [26]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. PDF Ebola outbreak: the Epidemiologic Triangle informational text - PBS When the Ebola epidemic began in 2014 Sierra Leone 's government health care system was built on rigid foundations. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted A study conducted in Liberia in 2014 proved such hypothesis to be true and concluded that prompt and accurate isolation of infected patients was a safe method. The site is secure. The determinants of spread of Ebola virus disease - an evidence from In terms of the reading in addition to the lecture by Haneefa Saleem, the class learned about what is the Ebola virus and its history, the affect it has on a person and their community in addition to how the world has perceived this virus. What are the benefits of exercise on cardiovascular health? It was the third outbreak in the province in the last four years. Kilgore PE, Grabenstein JD, Salim AM, Rybak M. Pharmacotherapy. Ebola virus and other viruses that cause hemorrhagic fever are considered possible bioterrorism agents because the viruses could be intentionally released, spread from person to person, and cause severe disease or death. Feb 2021 [internet publication]. Bookshelf This was the first outbreak in Guinea since the 2014-2016 West Africa outbreak. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25539447?tool=bestpractice.com https://www.news-medical.net/health/Ebola-Virus-Epidemiology.aspx. As a transmittable disease, progression of the virus had been thought to be linked to higher probabilities of transmission, and therefore safety of persons in contact with infected patients was in question (Yamin et al., 2015). sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal He enjoys contributing back to the community. Design a strategy to contain the Ebola outbreak. Characteristic burial ceremonies where mourners have direct contact with the body of the deceased can also represent an important path of transmission. Be sure the info you fill in Epidemiologic Triangle For Ebola is updated and correct. <> The Epidemiological Presentation Pattern of Ebola Virus Unit for Research in Emergency and Disaster, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain, Centre for Research on Health Care in Disasters, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden, https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X20000333, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. Total loading time: 0 Epub 2022 Jun 2. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. People at higher risk of infection include healthcare workers, family members or others who have close contact with infected people or who have contact with their bodies during funerals or burying rituals. Ebola virus disease fact sheet. January 2015 [internet publication]. endobj There were many factors at play in this outbreak, such as the emergence of a new strain Ebola virus; a lack of preparedness in West. Zhang M, Wang X, Hu L, Zhang Y, Zheng H, Wu H, Wang J, Luo L, Xiao H, Qiao C, Li X, Huang W, Wang Y, Feng J, Chen G. Microbiol Spectr. Aug 2022 [internet publication]. (accessed May 01, 2023). Cannabis users with a genetic predisposition to schizophrenia more likely to experience psychotic symptoms. [37]World Health Organization. Today, we know that in total, over 11,000 people lost their lives ("Previous case counts", 2016). Symptoms of EVD include fever, severe headache, muscle or joint pain, weakness, fatigue, sore throat, loss of appetite, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal (stomach) pain, and, in some cases, unexplained hemorrhage (bleeding or bruising). Infect Dis Poverty. Ebola - Democratic Republic of the Congo. and transmitted securely. N Engl J Med. Ebola Virus: Pathogenesis and Countermeasure Development. Published online by Cambridge University Press: Ebola virus disease (EVD) is an often deadly illness caused by the Ebola virus. N Engl J Med. AFROs regional director, Dr. Luis Sambo, called for greater epidemiological aid and implementation of the IHRs alert system requirements. Apes, humans, and possibly other mammalian species susceptible to Ebola infection are regarded as the end hosts, and not as the reservoirs of infection. https://www.cdc.gov/amd/stories/ebola.html However, there are social, economic, cultural, and political obstacles that continue to greatly hinder a more efficient epidemiological approach to Ebola disease, mainly in Central Africa. Disease outbreak news. Since then, frequent outbreaks have occurred in Central and Western Africa. Updates to the zoonotic niche map of Ebola virus disease in Africa. CHAPTER 2 - Retrospective studies conducted by WHO staff and Guinean health officials identified the index case . The lack of IPC training lead to health care workers being 100 times more likely than the general population to contract Ebola (Ratnayake et al. 2022 Jul;112(7):1025-1033. doi: 10.2105/AJPH.2022.306842. We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a rare but severe, often fatal illness in humans. In Central Africa, for the last three years outbursts have been recognized every year, the most recent of which proceeded in the Republic of the Congo with the amount of victims more than 125, according to the World Health Organization (Ebola. Where a individual seeks care depends on the level of trust in the healthcare system, accessibility and abundance of healthcare facilities, financial and economic stance and cultural beliefs (WHO 2016). https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2021-DON328, 2021: the twelfth outbreak in the DRC started on February 7, 2021 in the North Kivu province and was declared over on May 3, 2021, with a total of 12 cases and 6 deaths (case fatality rate 50%). This article highlights the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, management, and prevention of EVD. Spread of the potential health crisis known as Ebola can be decelerated by understanding it, learning how to treat it, and quarantining. World Health Organization. This idea is further corroborated by Marburg virus outbreaks that have been associated with caves or mines heavily infested with bats. There are several steps to take to prevent EVD when living in or traveling to an area with EVD: The FDA approved the Ebola vaccine rVSV-ZEBOV (called Ervebo) on December 19, 2019. Ebola - Transmission, Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Treatment, Clinical trials demonstrate safety and efficacy of Ebola Zaire vaccines, New technology may enable rapid diagnosis of Ebola virus, Researchers harness stem cells to study how Ebola virus infects and damages the liver, http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)60667-8/fulltext, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4153011/, http://currents.plos.org/outbreaks/article/obk-14-0036-early-epidemic-dynamics-of-the-west-african-2014-ebola-outbreak-estimates-derived-with-a-simple-two-parameter-model/, http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/ebola_marburg_fevers/pages/index.aspx, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/, http://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/transmission/index.html, Uganda confirms seven cases of Ebola and one death, Trial of three vaccines for Zaire Ebola virus disease, State-of-the-art Biocontainment Unit opened at MedStar Washington Hospital Center, Ebola virus could be an aerosol-transmissible disease, www.cidrap.umn.edu//commentary-health-workers-need-optimal-respiratory-protection-ebola, High-protein diet counters adaptive thermogenesis in prediabetic individuals. From nanoparticle-based enrichment to mass spec refinements, they explore how these tools facilitate unbiased, deep, and rapid proteomics. 2022. No additional confirmed or probable cases were identified, and the outbreak was declared over on September 27, 2022. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21722250?tool=bestpractice.com There have been many very deadly cases of Ebola - the fatality rate is estimated to from about fifty to ninety percent. and Ebola virus disease Democratic Republic of the Congo. United Nations agencies and programs; Ministries of Health; the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); ReliefWeb; emergency nongovernmental organizations; and publications indexed in PubMed, EmBase, and Clinical Key have been used as sources of data. In this interview conducted at Pittcon 2023 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, we spoke to Ron Heeran, a speaker at the 2023 James L. Waters Symposium. Disease Outbreak News. Disease Outbreak News. Ebola virus disease fact sheet. In June, MSF called for the WHO to increase its response. Epub 2021 Mar 18. The Reston ebolavirus is dangerous for crab-eating macaque (cynomolgus) monkeys, which were farmed in the Philippines and subsequently imported into the United States and Italy. <>>> Ebola virus infection - Epidemiology | BMJ Best Practice US 2011 Jul;17(7):964-76. Fields virology. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15078595?tool=bestpractice.com. Most human infections during outbreaks usually occur by direct contact with infected patients or cadavers. With a case fatality rate from about 50% to 90%, and the absence of preventative or curative therapies, the Ebola epidemic has led to overall global alarm and further elucidated existing global health disparities that perpetuated the epidemic with these West African countries. xZn8} F p/L/vd1-DqloUQLSUbW`W|53Ug?HqP2! The objective of this work is to study the evolution and progression of the epidemiological presentation profile of Ebola disease outbreaks since its discovery in 1976 to the present, and to explore the possible reasons for this evolution from different perspectives. and Would you like email updates of new search results? On March 25, 2014 the World Health Organization(WHO) announced the outbreak of a new strain of the Ebola virus disease with 86 suspected cases[15]. In 2014 the world watched in horror as West Africa experienced the largest Ebola epidemic in history. How can Ebola virus disease be prevented? 2004 Jan;10(1):40-7. https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/10/01/03-0125_article, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15078595?tool=bestpractice.com. Wear protective clothing and follow infection control recommendations when caring for an infected person. Metrovi, Tomislav. Historically Ebola has had a serious impact on human health and hygiene and still does due to the fact of no vaccine or treatment being discovered, but thanks to improvements in scientific and medical knowledge the virus itself is now controllable. Kaur, Gurmeet and Sachdeva, Sandeep and Jha, Diwakar and Sulania, Anika, Ebola Virus Disease in the Light of Epidemiological Triad (January 12, 2017). Originating in 1976 in equatorial Africa, past outbreaks with a few hundred cases had been contained within rural, forested areas in Uganda and Congo (Piot, 2012). Render date: 2023-04-29T22:21:14.756Z Study Objective: },}2}yb https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/ebola-virus-disease, 2014-2016: the worlds largest outbreak started in the DRC in 2014 and finished in 2016, with over 28,000 cases and 11,000 deaths (case fatality rate 46%). Recently in 2014, there was a major outbreak from Ebola. ]X_@\ This vaccine is recommended as a pre-exposure vaccine for certain adults who are at risk of being exposed to Ebola virus (for example, outbreak responders, laboratorians or other staff at certain laboratories who handle specimens that might contain Ebola virus, and healthcare personnel working at state or federally designated special pathogens treatment centers). HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Get Epidemiologic Triangle For Ebola - US Legal Forms This manuscript review and update current knowledge with regard to epidemiology of EVD problem statement, historical perspective, agent, host, environment, reservoir of infection, routes of transmission, pathogenesis, clinical features, laboratory diagnosis, management, and control. The Epidemiological Triangle the strategic model designed to contain outbreaks Center for Disease Control (CDC) | The Epidemiologic Triangle | Informational text The CDC is the nation's. } Nov 2020[internet publication]. Contact Tracing: Barriers and Facilitators. and transmitted securely. [29]World Health Organization. World Health Organization. Jacob ST, Crozier I, Fischer WA 2nd, Hewlett A, Kraft CS, Vega MA, Soka MJ, Wahl V, Griffiths A, Bollinger L, Kuhn JH. Mar 2020 [internet publication]. UK Health Security Agency: ebola and Marburg haemorrhagic fevers - outbreaks and case locations. 2004 Jan;10(1):40-7. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings. Ebola in Freetown area, Sierra Leone - a case study of 581 patients. Ecologic and geographic distribution of filovirus disease. Non-human primates represent a source of infection for humans, but they are considered an accidental host (akin to humans) and not a reservoir of infection. Roddy P, Howard N, Van Kerkhove MD, et al. 2021 May;25(10):4523-4533. doi: 10.1111/jcmm.16462. It can help your students understand infectious diseases and how they spread. 2022 Jun 29;10(3):e0221221. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006. pp. In this interview conducted at Pittcon 2023 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, we spoke to Dr. Chad Merkin, Director of the International Institute for Nanotechnology, about his work developing next-generation nanomaterials for medical applications. The West Africa Ebola virus (species Zaire ebolavirus) outbreak is the largest in history with sustained transmission in multiple countries.Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia have been the most heavily affected. There has only been one outbreak of Bundibugyo ebolavirus: in 2007 in western Uganda, and this outbreak had a case fatality rate of 25%. Nazimek K, Bociaga-Jasik M, Bryniarski K, Gaas A, Garlicki A, Gawda A, Gawlik G, Gil K, Kosz-Vnenchak M, Mrozek-Budzyn D, Olszanecki R, Piatek A, Zawiliska B, Marcinkiewicz J. Example- HIV AIDS Agent HIV is a viral infection that targets a person's immune system, making it more vulnerable to other forms of infection. Thankfully, the US does not have to go through the effects of living in an Ebola epidemic because of the certain precautions taken when a case arise and the steps taken further for primary and secondary prevention. This sickness can be treatable, early care is very important with rehydration, symptomatic treatment can improve survival rates. Dr. Tomislav Metrovi is a medical doctor (MD) with a Ph.D. in biomedical and health sciences, specialist in the field of clinical microbiology, and an Assistant Professor at Croatia's youngest university - University North. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. As the chart below displays, 71% of the people infected died as a result of Ebola during this first outbreak (Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 56 (2): 247-270, 1978). There has been an acute worry roaming about the United States concerning the Ebola Outbreak. World Health Organization. Ebola - Democratic Republic of the Congo. The following are the elements that make up the Epidemiological Triangle for Ebola. Although observed modes of transmission mainly include direct contact and contaminated staff, high case fatality ratio and frequent contacts among individuals in developed countries are among determinants which may lead to the development of the EVD outbreak. Ebola Virus Disease in the Light of Epidemiological Triad - SSRN Jul 2020 [internet publication]. The Ebola virus disease is an epidemic that has returned to claim more lives than one can count. When healthcare workers became infected colleges became frightened further reducing community trust in the healthcare system. Although Ebola caught the worlds attention during the 1995 outbreak in Zaire, the first outbreak occurred in 1976. Origins of the Ebola epidemic - WHO WHO recommended criteria for declaring the end of the Ebola virusdisease. Image Credit: Valeniker / Shutterstock.com. Ebola virus then spreads from person to person through direct contact with blood or body fluids of a person who is sick with or has died from EVD. How many Ebola patients have been treated outside of Africa? Fortunately, a pharmaceutical company. Would you like email updates of new search results? Ebola (Ebola virus disease) - Epidemiology During this time, the WHO continued meeting with government leaders in West Africa, AFRO representatives, and relevant organizations including the CDC and MSF. The paper presents general information regarding descriptive epidemiology of Ebola virus disease (EVD) outbreaks. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the The virus enters the host through mucous membranes, breaks, cuts, and abrasions in the skin, or by parenteral introduction. 2012 Dec 28;7(12):e52986. PMC 1). Dec 2021 [internet publication]. There have been advances in the detection and management capacity of outbreaks, and the notification time to the WHO has been reduced. Origins of the 2014 Ebola epidemic. These variables play a role in the spread of the virus in human populations. PDF Name: between patient and physician/doctor and the medical advice they may provide. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Such an idea was supported by experimental studies in African plants and animals that resulted in the transmission of the Zaire Ebola virus to African fruit and insectivorous bats, although a conclusive link could not be established. They cause severe, frequently fatal, hemorrhagic fever. There were scant resources, limited infrastructure, poor training on infection prevention and control and a severe shortage of health care workers with a ratio of 1.9 workers for every 10,000 people. Epidemiological Triangle The agent factors of the disease include five genus viruses, Zaire Ebola virus, Bundibugyo Ebola virus, Sudan Ebola virus, Reston Ebola virus, and Tai Forest Ebola virus (Kaur, Sachdeva, Jha, & Sulania, 2017).

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